Senate Lowers Duterte Conviction Threshold to 14 Votes
The Senate impeachment court voted 13-1 to base the two-thirds conviction requirement on senator-judges able to participate, cutting the votes needed to convict Vice President Sara Duterte from 16 to 14. Former Executive Secretary Vic Rodriguez asked the Supreme Court to void the ruling, and the defense said it will file its own challenge.
The Senate impeachment court voted 13-1 on September 23, 2026 to overturn Presiding Officer Francis "Chiz" Escudero's July 6 ruling that convicting Vice President Sara Duterte required 16 votes, or two-thirds of all 24 senators.1 The new formula counts only senator-judges "legally and factually capable of participating" at the time of the final vote and rounds any fractional two-thirds result up.3 With four senator-judges unable to participate, the threshold in the current situation is 14 votes.4 The motion for reconsideration was filed by Senator-judge Erwin Tulfo.1 Escudero cast the lone dissent, and six senator-judges did not participate in the vote.35 Supporters of the vice president gathered outside the Senate on September 23, and the Senate minority bloc walked out and boycotted the vote.6
The ruling produced a competing legal challenge the next day. On September 24, former Executive Secretary Vic Rodriguez filed a Petition for Certiorari and Prohibition before the Supreme Court, docketed as G.R. No. E-08529, seeking a temporary restraining order and a writ of preliminary injunction against the September 23 ruling.78 Rodriguez argued that the Senate has no power to amend or revise the Constitution, and asked the court to reinstate the July 6 ruling requiring 16 votes.7 Responding for the prosecution, House lead prosecutor Gerville "Jinky" Luistro said the two-thirds requirement itself was not removed: "The threshold was not lowered, two-thirds remains two-thirds."9 Luistro said the change affects both outcomes: "What is lowered is not only the number for conviction but also the number for acquittal. It is a two-way consequence."10 House prosecutor Keith Flores said the prosecution did not seek the change. "We were not the ones who motioned. We were not the ones who appealed," he said, adding that a Supreme Court challenge would be "a bit of a stretch" because senator-judges consulted former justices before the ruling.1112
Vice President Duterte's defense team said it is weighing its own petition to the Supreme Court, with defense counsel Michael Poa saying the camp believes the 16-vote threshold should stand.1314 Defense spokesperson Salvador Paolo Panelo Jr. called the ruling a case of grave abuse of discretion and said "I don't think it's just unfavorable to the Vice President. I think its unfavorable to all Filipinos because they changed the Constitution."14 Former presidential legal counsel Salvador Panelo maintained the impeachment court cannot alter the constitutional threshold, and his PDP-Laban party issued a statement calling the Senate "damaged goods" and urging the public to turn to the Supreme Court.1516 Senate President Sherwin Gatchalian said the trial will proceed "as long as we have a quorum" even if the defense does not attend, and that the 13-1 threshold vote "is not an indication of the possible results of the vote they will make once all four articles have already been presented by the prosecution."1718
Key themes
- The conviction threshold drops from 16 votes to 14 under current conditions. The Senate impeachment court voted 13-1 to compute the two-thirds requirement from senator-judges able to participate rather than all 24 members, which with four absences sets the bar at 14 votes to convict and seven to acquit, against 16 and nine under the full chamber count.410
- A former executive secretary asked the Supreme Court to void the ruling. Vic Rodriguez filed a 23-page petition for certiorari and prohibition on September 24, arguing the Senate cannot amend the Constitution through a procedural vote, and requesting a temporary restraining order against any conviction taken under the new formula.7273
- The prosecution says the two-thirds rule was clarified, not lowered. Lead prosecutor Gerville Luistro said only the denominator changed, that the ruling applies "for this occurrence only," and that a Senate verdict is not appealable.91810
- The Commission on Audit flagged P168 million in Office of the Vice President relief operations. The audit cited mismatched situational reports covering P19.67 million in relief goods, 24 relief operations worth P39.01 million with undocumented changes, and eight mission orders covering P84.12 million that did not identify specific beneficiaries.189225
- Davao City Mayor Sebastian Duterte is set to testify on alleged unexplained wealth. Prosecutors will present the vice president's brother next week on Gencorp Industries Inc. contracts with Davao City Hall, reported at P33.6 million across 19 deals.2239
- The NBI raised its Davao flood control figure to P7 billion for one contractor. Director Melvin Matibag said COA records show P7 billion in projects in Davao City's first district went to a single contractor from 2018 to 2024, up from the P1.9 billion earlier attributed to Genesis88 Construction Inc.124125
- The Senate transmitted the barangay and SK election postponement bill to Malacañang. Senate Bill No. 2397 moves the polls from November 2026 to November 2028 and extends incumbent barangay officials by two years, with certificate of candidacy filing set to begin the following Monday.142143
- Gatchalian estimated P2.75 trillion lost to corruption and inflation over a year. The figure, covering the second quarter of 2025 to the second quarter of 2026, circulated widely on Facebook and Reddit alongside a claim that the Philippines ranks second to last in ASEAN economic growth.146148150
How the narratives stack
Dominant. The threshold ruling and the Supreme Court petition that followed it carried the day across the items reviewed here. The vote itself drew coverage from Reuters, Inquirer, Rappler, GMA, ABS-CBN, PNA, BusinessMirror, Manila Times, Manila Standard, SunStar and Tribune, and the petition added a second wave the next day.3536377329 The framing split along a clear line: some headlines said the threshold was "lowered," while others stressed the court's clarification that two-thirds remains.3623 Within the captured set, this was the story with the most items, the most named actors, and the most scheduled next steps.
Counter-narrative. The prosecution's reading that nothing was lowered is the most developed opposing frame. Luistro's "two-thirds remains two-thirds" line, her point that acquittal votes fall along with conviction votes, and Akbayan Rep. Chel Diokno's argument that the ruling is deliberately narrow and will not bind future impeachment courts all push against the idea of a substantive change.91018 Rep. Terry Ridon told critics the ruling was not manipulated and that they could take the matter to the Supreme Court, quoted in posts as "Iiyak niyo lang 'yan, may tissue ako rito."2425266
Emerging. The Gencorp Industries thread is the newest and least settled. Rappler reported that Davao City Hall awarded the company P33.6 million across 19 contracts and that Vice President Duterte's Statements of Assets, Liabilities and Net Worth declare a business interest in the company even though Securities and Exchange Commission records do not name her as an incorporator, director, or stockholder.39 Herbie Gomez's Pastilan column argued the contradictions have reached a stage where "every attempt to explain that fact produces another inconvenient fact."38 Mayor Baste Duterte confirmed the contracts while saying he was unaware of his sister's connection to the company.38
Under-covered. The Commission on Audit findings on the Office of the Vice President's 2025 relief operations appeared in SunStar's Cebuano report, a BusinessMirror piece, an INQToday newscast roundup, and a House briefing remark, but drew far less sustained attention than the threshold vote despite involving nearly P168 million in public funds.18922562190 The audit's specific figures — P19.67 million in mismatched relief goods reports, P39.01 million in operations with undocumented changes, P84.12 million in mission orders without named beneficiaries — were reported but not widely repeated.189
Platform insights
- Facebook. Reaction counts on the threshold and impeachment posts skewed toward the "haha" reaction rather than anger. A post on the Romualdez videoconference ruling drew 2,947 "haha" against 64 "angry," and a post on the absence of a bail petition drew 526 "haha" to 9 "angry" with 359 comments.204210 A post quoting Batangas Rep. Luistro saying the OVP has been "consistent" in receiving red flags drew 160 "haha" and 65 "angry."190 The pattern suggests audiences are engaging with the impeachment story through mockery as much as outrage, though the reaction counts alone do not establish what the mockery targets.
- X (formerly Twitter). The platform carried the fastest-moving official statements. PAGASA's bulletins, the NDRRMC's monitoring posts, and the Presidential Communications Office's account all posted through the day.54525 A post by @marortoll with 412 views argued the threshold vote worsened latent political instability from the trial.161 A post by @daniza_frnndz linking to a full report on the Romualdez ruling drew 5,912 views.219
- Reddit. The r/pinoy thread titled "Kung di ka pa galit, bakit?" drew 225 likes and 76 comments describing rising costs and a wage that does not keep pace, ending with the line "Kung di ka pa galit, bakit?"150 A separate r/newsPH thread on the DILG's 96.15 percent efficiency rate on the Unified 911 system drew discussion of the government's emergency response record.156 The platform's political threads ran longer and more argumentative than the Facebook reaction counts.
- YouTube. Video coverage carried the heaviest official statements. ABS-CBN's video post on Gatchalian's P2.75 trillion corruption-and-inflation estimate and the House prosecution's September 24 press briefing were among the most-cited video items.146228 A viral clip of Gatchalian mistakenly calling Sen. Risa Hontiveros "Senate President" circulated as a lighter item the same day.239
Key voices and communities
The House prosecution panel. Led by Batangas Rep. Gerville "Jinky Bitrics" Luistro, with Reps. Terry Ridon, Jose Manuel Diokno, Benny Abante, and Robert Ace Barbers, the panel is the source of the prosecution's framing of the threshold ruling, the COA findings, and the witness schedule.91018224 Ridon's claim that securing the minimum 106 House votes to impeach was "not difficult," citing P612.5 million in confidential funds, P448 million in disallowed expenditures, and P6.7 billion in total transactions linked to Duterte and her spouse, is the panel's most specific public accounting to date.224
The Senate impeachment court. Presiding Officer Francis Escudero, the lone dissent, defended keeping the threshold at 16 of 24.5 Senate President Sherwin Gatchalian said the 13-1 vote is not a preview of the verdict and that the trial proceeds as long as there is quorum.2617 Erwin Tulfo, who moved the reconsideration, argued the baseline "dynamically moves" with the Senate's composition and that no presence means no vote.2728 Camille Villar asked colleagues to stop attacking absent senators.29
Vice President Duterte's defense and allied legal voices. Spokesperson Salvador Paolo Panelo Jr., former presidential adviser Salvador Panelo, former executive secretary Vic Rodriguez, and defense counsel Michael Poa are the camp's public faces.1415713 Harry Roque said the Supreme Court is now the institution left to defend the Constitution.32 Panelo said senator-judges who vote under the new threshold could face criminal liability under Article 204 of the Revised Penal Code, a claim prosecutors Lorna Kapunan and Amando Virgil Ligutan dismissed with "Who is he? We dont know him."33
Partisan and civic organizations. PDP-Laban called the Senate "damaged goods" and urged the public to protest legally, naming the Supreme Court as the last hope.16 On the other side, Akbayan Rep. Chel Diokno argued the ruling will not bind future impeachment courts and that absent senator-judges should not decide the case.189 The Power for People Coalition, Bukluran ng Manggagawang Pilipino, and Caritas Philippines separately called for Energy Secretary Sharon Garin's resignation over power costs, citing 43 red-alert days and 107 yellow-alert days on the Visayas grid since May.118
National outlets and wire services. Reuters, Inquirer, Rappler, GMA, ABS-CBN, PNA, BusinessMirror, Manila Times, Manila Standard, SunStar and Tribune carried the threshold story, with framing differences between "lowered" and "clarified."35363723 PNA reported a 25-year-old Senate precedent where only 13 senators concurred in four treaties.37 Rappler's Pastilan column extended the analysis to 2028 campaign financing, arguing the ruling makes removal "a live possibility."38
Narrative streams
The Senate rewrote the conviction arithmetic, and the Supreme Court is now asked to undo it
The dispute traces to the constitutional phrase "two-thirds of all the Members of the Senate," which does not state a number.1 Escudero had fixed the threshold at 16 votes of the 24-member chamber, drawing his justification from a Supreme Court ruling that upheld the constitutionality of the Visiting Forces Agreement between the Philippines and another state.40 Coverage reports that senators revisited that ruling after four senator-judges could not participate: Sens. Jinggoy Estrada and Rodante Marcoleta were detained on separate plunder cases, Sen. Bato dela Rosa was at large, and Sen. Loren Legarda was on medical leave.21 Before the vote, the court named retired Supreme Court justices as amici curiae to advise on the question, and accounts describe them as split on whether the two-thirds threshold could be recomputed.37
Rodriguez's petition asks the Court to declare the September 23 ruling null and void and reinstate the July 6 ruling fixing 16 votes.87 The impeachment court's spokesperson, Atty. Reginald Tongol, said proceedings will continue even if the ruling is elevated to the Supreme Court.31 The Supreme Court was on a decision-writing period until September 30, resuming sessions in early October.7 The trial was scheduled to resume on Monday, with Davao City Mayor Sebastian "Baste" Duterte expected as a prosecution witness on the alleged unexplained wealth article.22
For the sector, the practical consequence is that the arithmetic both sides face has changed while the legal basis for the change is unresolved. With 20 eligible senator-judges, 14 votes convict and seven acquit, against 16 and nine under the full 24-seat count.10 Government-facing communications teams now have two competing official positions on the same ruling to track: the House prosecution's argument that the threshold was not lowered, and the defense's argument that it was unconstitutionally amended.50
The Commission on Audit's P168-million finding on OVP relief operations
The Commission on Audit flagged the Office of the Vice President's 2025 relief operations over control and documentation deficiencies involving nearly P168 million in welfare funds.187188 The audit report cited mismatches in situational reports covering P19.67 million in relief goods, 24 relief operations worth P39.01 million where schedule, venue, item quantity and rice allocations changed without documented approval, and eight mission orders covering P84.12 million that did not identify specific target beneficiaries.189 BusinessMirror reported COA could not verify whether the P168 million reached intended beneficiaries, and cited incomplete records for P25.2 million in goods covering 33,980 beneficiaries.225
Batangas Rep. Gerville "Jinky Bitrics" Luistro told a Batasang Pambansa briefing that the OVP had been "consistent" in receiving red flags, a remark that drew 160 "haha" and 65 "angry" reactions on one Facebook post.190191 Manila Rep. Benny Abante said the audit action was correct.226 Prosecution adviser Robert Ace Barbers said, "They really have to explain. Im sure theyll be given enough and sufficient time to answer these adverse findings of the COA."225 The COA findings also figure in one of the impeachment articles against Vice President Duterte, which accuses her of irregularities in the use of intelligence and confidential funds at the OVP and the Department of Education from 2022 to 2024.189
The read for the sector is that the audit gives the prosecution a documented, quantified finding to pair with the impeachment articles, and it shifts the OVP's exposure from contested legal argument to specific accounting questions the office has not yet publicly answered in the material reviewed here. Government agencies and their communications teams should expect follow-on questions about disbursement documentation standards, not just about the trial's outcome.
Gencorp contracts and the unexplained wealth article
Rappler reported that Gencorp Industries Inc. holds 19 contracts from Davao City Hall worth P33.6 million, and that Vice President Duterte's SALN declares a business interest in the company even though SEC records do not name her as an incorporator, director, or stockholder.39 The Rappler Investigates newsletter names JTC Group of Companies as an almost 55 percent shareholder in Gencorp, with president Jaime Tan Cruz described as a Duterte associate.39 Herbie Gomez's Pastilan column argued the contradictions between Mayor Baste Duterte's statement and the corporate filings raise procurement and conflict-of-interest questions, and noted the impeachment court's September 23 vote on the conviction threshold.38
Mayor Baste Duterte is set to testify next week on the alleged unexplained wealth article, with questioning expected on the City Hall deals.22 Prosecution adviser Robert Ace Barbers described the coming week as "exciting."22 Subpoenas were also sought for former Sen. Antonio Trillanes IV, who in April alleged that Duterte and immediate family members received P181 million from an alleged drug lord.307227
The read for the sector is that the wealth article now has a named company, a peso figure, and a scheduled witness, which makes it the most concrete of the four impeachment articles for outside observers to follow. Companies that contract with local governments should expect procurement-disclosure questions to sharpen as the testimony proceeds.
The NBI's P7-billion Davao flood control finding and the wider infrastructure probe
NBI Director Melvin Matibag said on September 24 that P7 billion worth of flood control projects in the first congressional district of Davao City went to a single contractor from 2018 to 2024, citing COA records. He said the earlier figure of P1.9 billion secured by Genesis88 Construction, Inc. in the district of Rep. Paolo "Pulong" Duterte was short of the full amount. "Medyo kulang pala ang figure na tinitingnan namin na P1.9 billion na nakuhang proyekto ng isang contractor, P7 billion pala ito mula noong 2018 hanggang 2024," Matibag said.124125126 Matibag said the NBI is also looking into Gemma Construction and Agong Construction, which he said may also have ties to the Duterte family, and that Genesis88 is close to the family.124
The same day, DPWH Davao Region Director Juby Cordon appeared at the NBI headquarters in Pasay City at about 1 p.m. and submitted 10 boxes of documents covering 47 flagged flood control projects, minutes before the regional office delivered the records.127128129 Matibag said the NBI will subpoena COA documents, and that 51 projects were included in the subpoena.130124 Rep. Paolo Duterte said he welcomes an inquiry but called for it not to be selective, and asked whether Matibag would also look at flood control projects in San Pedro, Laguna, the district of Matibag's wife. Matibag said Duterte is free to file a case if he has evidence.124
A Barclays report dated September 23 attributed a continued contraction in infrastructure and other capital outlays — down 40.8 percent to P367.4 billion in the first half of 2026 from P620.2 billion a year earlier — to the fallout from "last year's corruption allegations in public-sector flood control projects," and forecast GDP growth slumping from 4.4 percent in 2025 to 3 percent in 2026.137 The report also projected one more BSP rate hike to 5.25 percent, citing peso weakness and oil prices.137
The read for the sector is that the flood control probe has moved from a Davao-specific investigation to a national budget question. The DOJ asked senators to restore its confidential funds to the 2026 level of about P1.1 billion from roughly P579.4 million proposed for 2027, and senators used the budget hearing to question the use of state witnesses in flood control cases.140134 Banking and infrastructure clients should expect the 40.8 percent contraction figure and the 3 percent GDP forecast to be quoted back at them in briefings.
The barangay and SK election postponement reaches the President's desk
The Senate transmitted the bill postponing the Barangay and Sangguniang Kabataan Elections to Malacañang for President Ferdinand Marcos Jr.'s signature, Senate President Sherwin Gatchalian said on September 24.142 The measure, Senate Bill No. 2397, moves the polls from the first Monday of November 2026 to the second Monday of November 2028 and sets barangay officials' tenure at two terms and SK officials' at one.142 Gatchalian said "We have sent it to the president, and as far as I know, there is no news that he will veto it. So the incumbent officials will be extended for an additional two years."142 The bill was transmitted to the Office of the President on Wednesday, and Gatchalian said the certificates of candidacy filing period was set to begin the following Monday, creating urgency for presidential action.142143
Election watchdog Legal Network for Truthful Elections (Lente) opposed the postponement, saying another extension of local officials' terms would deprive voters of a scheduled opportunity to hold them accountable.144 The bill moves the elections for a second time, and the earlier move is the precedent the current coverage leans on.142 Social posts carrying the story drew the day's highest engagement in this set — 583 likes and 124 comments on one, 254 likes and 111 comments on another, with angry reactions at 39 and 75 respectively.143158
The read for the sector is that the postponement is the one thread in this set with a direct presidential action attached and a hard deadline. Local government units, suppliers with LGU contracts, and any organization with barangay-level operations face a two-year extension of current officials and a compressed candidacy calendar if the President signs.
Gatchalian's P2.75-trillion loss estimate and the cost-of-living conversation
Gatchalian said the country lost about P2.75 trillion due to corruption and inflation from the second quarter of 2025 to the second quarter of 2026, a figure ABS-CBN News carried in a video post and at least four Facebook posts the same day.146147148149 A separate post said the Philippines was "second to the last" in ASEAN economic growth.148 A Reddit post titled "Kung di ka pa galit, bakit?" drew 225 likes and 76 comments describing rising costs and a wage that does not keep pace, ending with the line "Kung di ka pa galit, bakit?"150
The figure sits alongside harder budget data. The Bureau of the Treasury reported the August budget deficit widened 90 percent to P161.3 billion from P84.8 billion a year earlier, with revenues down 1.85 percent to P346 billion and spending up 16 percent to P507.3 billion, partly due to a P58.6-billion budgetary support to PhilHealth.153353 The January-to-August deficit expanded 21.30 percent to P1.054 trillion.153 ANZ Research said the upcoming P60 daily minimum wage increase in Metro Manila, which takes effect September 26 and raises the nonagricultural minimum to P755 from P695, would have a "limited" impact on consumer spending because rising living costs could prompt consumers to save rather than spend.292
The read for the sector is that the P2.75 trillion figure is circulating as grievance content rather than neutral economic reporting, and it is being paired with household-cost stories. Banking and consumer-facing clients should expect cost-of-living sentiment to be the frame through which economic data is received, not the data itself.
Conversation trajectory
Supreme Court action on the Rodriguez petition, next 1–2 weeks. The Court was on a decision-writing period until September 30 and resumes sessions in the first week of October.7 Whether it issues a temporary restraining order, denies the petition, or asks for comment will determine whether the trial proceeds under the 14-vote formula or reverts to 16. Watch for a resolution or comment order in the first half of October.
The trial's Monday resumption and the Sebastian Duterte testimony, next 1–2 weeks. Gatchalian said the trial proceeds as long as there is quorum, with or without the defense.17 Mayor Baste Duterte is listed as a prosecution witness on the unexplained wealth article, with questioning expected on Gencorp contracts.22 If he fails to appear, Gatchalian said he would not be held in contempt immediately.227 Watch for whether the defense attends and whether the Gencorp testimony produces new figures.
The President's decision on the barangay and SK postponement bill, next 1–2 weeks. The bill is on the President's desk with certificate of candidacy filing set to begin Monday.142143 A signature, a veto, or inaction past the filing date are the three possible outcomes, and each produces a different set of follow-on stories for local government coverage.
The NBI flood control probe's next phase, next 2–4 weeks. Matibag said the NBI will subpoena COA documents and review the submitted records before deciding on charges.128 The DOJ's confidential-funds request and the state-witness dispute are live in the Senate budget hearings.140134 Watch for whether Rep. Paolo Duterte is subpoenaed and whether the NBI files charges.
The anti-political dynasty bill's urgent certification, next 2–4 weeks. Sen. Risa Hontiveros said the Senate leadership will ask Marcos to certify the bill urgent so the current session of the 20th Congress can pass it, and the second regular session ends October 9.117121 The bill passed third reading in the House in June; the Senate version cleared committee but has not reached the plenary.121 Watch for a certification decision before October 9.
Trigger events to calendar. The Supreme Court's first session week in October; the trial's Monday resumption; the certificate of candidacy filing date; the October 9 end of the second regular session; and the September 30 end of the Court's decision-writing period.717142121
Response guidance
Separate the threshold vote from the Supreme Court petition in any client briefing. The vote is done and the petition is not, and the petition's status will change on its own timetable.751 Treat them as two items with different clocks.
Build a running list of who has taken a public position on the ruling. Escudero's dissent, Gatchalian's clarification that the vote does not preview the verdict, Luistro's "two-thirds remains two-thirds" line, and the defense team's stated intent to challenge are the positions most likely to shift.30149 Flag changes rather than re-reporting each statement.
For government-facing clients, prepare a one-page explainer on the COA findings. Separate the P168 million relief-operations finding from the impeachment article on intelligence and confidential funds, because the two are related but distinct and clients will conflate them otherwise.189225
For banking and infrastructure clients, build the Barclays macro numbers into any infrastructure note. The 40.8 percent contraction in capital outlays in the first half of 2026 and the 3 percent 2026 GDP forecast are the figures a corporate affairs team will quote back.137
For clients with LGU exposure, prepare talking points on the barangay and SK postponement. The bill is on the President's desk with filing set to begin Monday, and the outcome is unannounced.142143
On the flood control probe, pull the primary COA and NBI sourcing before briefing. Separate what NBI has stated — P7 billion, 2018 to 2024, one contractor — from what remains alleged, since Matibag himself said the NBI would announce if there is no evidence to support charges.128124
Track the DOJ confidential-funds restoration and the state-witness dispute through the Senate budget hearings. That is where the flood control story stops being a Davao-specific investigation and becomes a national budget question.140134
On the anti-dynasty bill, note the economic framing. The Senate is arguing the bill as an economic-growth measure, tied to former BSP Deputy Governor Diwa Guinigundo's testimony that dynasties hinder the economy, and that framing is likelier to persist in coverage than the electoral one.117
On cost-of-living coverage, flag the gap between official positions and reported effects. DTI said basic commodity prices will not rise despite fuel cost increases and is monitoring over 200 stock keeping units, while DA is preparing fuel subsidies for farmers and fisherfolk as vegetable prices climb.201202 Clients should see both the assurance and the reported on-ground effect.
On the weather and El Niño thread, separate the Queenie forecast from the El Niño warning. The same PAGASA briefings carry both, and clients' energy and service-reliability messaging touches each.5854 The DA's P9.7 billion UPLIFT disbursement and the pending P3.5 billion solar irrigation request are the concrete, dated policy facts to anchor El Niño coverage.6160
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