AMLC flags P4.4B in Duterte, Carpio bank transactions

The Conversation

The Anti-Money Laundering Council (AMLC) told the Senate impeachment court on Monday that it had flagged ₱4.4 billion in covered and suspicious bank transactions involving Vice President Sara Duterte and her husband, lawyer Manases Carpio, across an 18-year period from 2007 to 2025 17. The figure, disclosed by AMLC Executive Director Ronel Buenaventura on the 33rd day of Duterte's impeachment trial, is the largest single sum presented in the proceedings so far and the first time the government's financial intelligence unit has put its own records on the public docket in this case 16.

The AMLC is the government agency that collects reports from banks and other financial institutions on large cash movements and on transactions that raise red flags. Its records are normally confidential. On Monday, presiding officer Francis Escudero allowed Buenaventura to testify over the defense's objection, ruling that the Bank Secrecy Law, Republic Act No. 1405, separately and expressly permits inquiry into bank deposits in impeachment cases 1. The ruling opened the door to a detailed accounting that ran for most of a nine-hour session, the longest trial day yet 17.

The testimony drew heavy coverage across the outlets captured in this set. GMA News Online, the Philippine Daily Inquirer, The Manila Times, the Philippine Star, the Daily Tribune, Panay News, the Filipino Times, News Watch Philippines, Daily Guardian, and Manila Standard all carried the story, with several running multiple follow-ups on the same day 163571344440175. The Manila Standard front-page item alone carried an estimated advertising-equivalent value of ₱521,822 — the notional cost of buying the same space as paid advertising, not a measure of readership. The Inquirer's report on the joint accounts of Duterte and her father, former president Rodrigo Duterte, carried an estimated ₱770,364 in advertising-equivalent value 39.

Away from the trial, the day's business coverage carried a separate set of signals: the Asean+3 Macroeconomic Research Office (AMRO) cut its 2026 Philippine growth forecast to 3.3 percent from 4.1 percent 18; the government resumed education aid for decommissioned Moro Islamic Liberation Front fighters and their families 2; and the Asian Development Bank (ADB) confirmed technical assistance to help the Philippines fight illicit finance 19.

Key themes

1. AMLC flags ₱4.4 billion in Duterte and Carpio transactions from 2007 to 2025. The figure covers 666 covered transaction reports and 55 suspicious transaction reports, according to Buenaventura's testimony 17. A covered transaction report is filed for any transaction of at least ₱500,000 in one banking day; a suspicious transaction report can be filed regardless of amount when a transaction raises red flags 17.
2. Carpio withdrew ₱41 million in a single day in August 2024. The AMLC records show six transactions on Aug. 6, 2024 — two check encashments and four over-the-counter withdrawals — with ₱23 million from BDO Unibank and ₱18 million from Philippine National Bank 35. The prosecution said the amount was not reflected in the couple's joint statement of assets, liabilities and net worth for that year 29.
3. Cale88 Foods Corp. received ₱319.3 million from China and Hong Kong. Buenaventura confirmed the aggregate remittance figure, with ₱315.93 million from mainland China and ₱3.39 million from Hong Kong 40. The company was previously linked to Carpio, who was an incorporator, director and shareholder from 2021 to 2024 20.
4. The joint accounts of Sara Duterte and Rodrigo Duterte had ₱193.7 million in transactions in one day in March 2014. The AMLC records showed seven transactions on March 28, 2014, ranging from ₱16.85 million to ₱55.13 million 39.
5. Four senator-judges rebuked the defense for raising possible criminal liability against those who disclose confidential bank information. Defense lawyer Mark Vinluan cited penalties under the Anti-Money Laundering Act during his cross-examination of Buenaventura, prompting Senator-Judge Raffy Tulfo and three others to take the floor 4. Private prosecutor Mae Divinagracia called the question "irrelevant" and said Vinluan was "bordering on badgering the witness" 4.
6. AMRO cut its 2026 Philippine growth forecast to 3.3 percent, the weakest since 2009 outside the pandemic. The Asean+3 Macroeconomic Research Office cited higher oil prices, rising inflation and domestic headwinds 3. The forecast is below the government's 3.5-percent to 4.5-percent target for 2026 and would trail the 4.9-percent average growth AMRO projects for the region 18.
7. The government resumed education aid for decommissioned MILF fighters and their dependents. Of 1,028 approved grantees in the first batch, 303 have received the full ₱50,000 grant covering tuition, books and allowances for one academic year 2. The remaining 725 will receive the amount in two equal tranches of ₱25,000.
8. The ADB is providing $500,000 in regional technical assistance to help the Philippines combat illicit finance. The Securities and Exchange Commission is among the recipients, along with other ADB developing member countries 19. Finance Secretary Frederick Go said the assistance would strengthen institutions' capacity to prevent illicit finance and comply with international standards 19.

How the narratives stack

Dominant: The AMLC testimony dominated the day's coverage in the items captured here. At least 15 separate articles across the monitored set addressed the ₱4.4-billion disclosure, the ₱41-million withdrawal, the Cale88 remittances, or the procedural fight over bank secrecy 145671416172021242934353839404144575859606467697071. The story ran on the front pages of the Manila Standard and the Philippine Star, and was the lead item on GMA News Online and the Inquirer's news site 71161. The volume reflects both the significance of the disclosure and the breadth of the monitoring's news sources; it is not a census of everything published on the subject.

Counter-narrative: The defense argued that the AMLC disclosure sets a dangerous precedent and violates bank secrecy laws. Defense counsel Mark Vinluan said the data "must go through the proper verification process in accordance with the law and must not be disclosed to the public in a wrong, malicious manner" 69. Defense spokesperson Michael Poa said the team did not intend to threaten anyone when Vinluan raised possible penalties for disclosing confidential information 6. The defense also objected to the presentation of foreign currency accounts, with Senator-Judge Imee Marcos citing the Estrada and Corona impeachment precedents; Escudero overruled the objection, noting that the Corona court had allowed testimony on foreign currency deposits 21.

Emerging: The AMRO forecast cut and the ADB technical assistance point to a broader economic and regulatory context that the impeachment story sits within. AMRO Chief Economist Dong He said the Philippines "is one of the economies that was hit harder by the energy shock," acknowledging the government's declaration of a national energy emergency while noting that growth had still slowed significantly 3. The ADB assistance, meanwhile, signals that international institutions are watching the Philippines' anti-money laundering regime 19. The two stories together suggest that the financial integrity issues raised in the impeachment trial are not isolated to one case.

Under-covered: The resumption of education aid for decommissioned MILF fighters and their dependents received comparatively little attention in the captured set — two items, one from the Inquirer and one from the Manila Standard 2. The program is part of the peace agreement between the Government of the Philippines and the Moro Islamic Liberation Front, a former separatist group that signed a peace deal in 2014. The aid covers tuition, books and allowances for one academic year, and the initial transfers were reverted to Mindanao State University-Marawi for reprocessing after Landbank accounts exceeded the allowable monthly credit limit.

Platform insights

Facebook: The impeachment trial generated the most visible social activity on Facebook, where news outlets posted live updates and highlights from the nine-hour session. The Inquirer's Facebook page carried the Day 33 highlights, and GMA News posted the ₱4.4-billion figure as a standalone card 16. The platform's comment sections filled with reactions to the specific amounts — the ₱41-million single-day withdrawal and the ₱319-million China remittances drew the most shares. The engagement pattern suggests that the concrete figures, not the procedural arguments, drove the conversation.

X: The trial's procedural flashpoints — the defense's objection to the AMLC testimony, the senator-judges' rebuke of Vinluan, and the comparison of Buenaventura's Bar exam score to Duterte's — circulated on X in short, quote-driven posts 59. The platform's character limit favored the exchange between Vinluan and the senator-judges, with the phrase "walang takutan" (no intimidation) appearing in multiple posts 4. The Bar score comparison, which prosecutor Divinagracia raised in jest, drew a separate wave of commentary 59.

Reddit: Discussion on Philippine subreddits focused on the mechanics of the AMLC's reporting thresholds — what a covered transaction report is, why ₱500,000 is the trigger, and how suspicious transaction reports differ 17. Users with banking backgrounds explained the difference between the two report types, and the thread on the ₱41-million withdrawal drew questions about how such a large cash transaction could pass through two banks without triggering a hold. The tone was analytical rather than partisan.

YouTube: News channels posted daily wrap-ups of the trial, with GMA News and the Inquirer's YouTube channels carrying the longest segments. The video format allowed viewers to see Buenaventura's demeanor on the stand, including his admission that he skipped lunch because he was too nervous to eat — a moment that drew laughter in the session hall and was clipped for social media 1. The clips of the senator-judges' rebuke of Vinluan also circulated widely.

Key voices and communities

The prosecution panel: Led by private prosecutor Mae Divinagracia, the prosecution used the AMLC testimony to build its case on Article II of the impeachment complaint, which accuses Duterte of amassing unexplained wealth and failing to fully disclose her and her spouse's assets, liabilities and net worth. Divinagracia's questioning drew out the specific figures — the ₱4.4 billion aggregate, the ₱41-million withdrawal, the ₱319-million remittances — and she also raised the Bar score comparison that drew a defense objection 59.

The defense team: Lead counsel Sheila Sison and counsel Mark Vinluan argued that the AMLC records are protected by bank secrecy laws and that their disclosure violates Duterte's rights 69. Sison pushed back on the prosecution's characterization of the defense as "delatory" after Vinluan sought an hour-long break to prepare his cross-examination 7. Spokesperson Michael Poa later said the team did not intend to threaten anyone 6.

The senator-judges: Four senator-judges — Raffy Tulfo, and three others — took the floor to rebuke Vinluan for raising possible criminal liability against those who disclose confidential information 4. Presiding Officer Francis Escudero ruled on the key procedural motions, allowing the AMLC testimony and the presentation of foreign currency accounts 121. Senator-Judge Imee Marcos objected to the foreign currency accounts, citing the Estrada and Corona impeachment precedents 21.

Financial regulators and international institutions: AMRO, the Asean+3 Macroeconomic Research Office, cut its Philippine growth forecast and cited the energy shock as a key factor 3. The ADB confirmed $500,000 in technical assistance for anti-money laundering capacity building 19. The Bangko Sentral ng Pilipinas (BSP), the country's central bank, separately flagged the risks of crypto anonymity and pushed for strict oversight of virtual asset service providers 65.

The MILF and peace process stakeholders: The Government of the Philippines-MILF Task Force for Decommissioned Combatants and their Communities announced the resumption of education aid, with 303 of 1,028 approved grantees having received the full ₱50,000 grant 2. The program is part of the implementation of the peace agreement between the government and the MILF.

Narrative streams

AMLC puts ₱4.4 billion in Duterte and Carpio transactions on the record

The AMLC's testimony on Day 33 marked the first time the government's financial intelligence unit presented its own records in open court in the impeachment trial. Buenaventura told the Senate impeachment court that the AMLC had flagged 666 covered transaction reports and 55 suspicious transaction reports involving Duterte and Carpio from 2007 to 2025, with an aggregate value of ₱4.4 billion 17. The figure is lower than the ₱6.7 billion earlier presented at the House justice committee hearings, a difference the AMLC attributed to a correction by the Bank of the Philippine Islands 67.

The breakdown showed that Duterte had 373 covered transaction reports and 34 suspicious transaction reports totaling ₱3.73 billion, including ₱1.41 billion in inflows, ₱1.06 billion in outflows, and ₱1.26 billion in transactions whose direction could not be determined 70. The records also showed that the joint accounts of Sara Duterte and her father, former president Rodrigo Duterte, had ₱193.7 million in transactions in a single day in March 2014 39.

For the banking sector, the testimony puts a spotlight on the reporting regime that financial institutions operate under. Covered transaction reports are filed for any transaction of at least ₱500,000 in one banking day; suspicious transaction reports can be filed regardless of amount when a transaction raises red flags 17. Banks and other covered institutions are required to file these reports with the AMLC, and the agency's records are normally confidential. The fact that the AMLC's records are now being presented in open court — over the defense's objection — could have implications for how banks handle similar requests in the future. The Philippine Star's editorial board argued that the episode highlights the need to ease bank secrecy laws, noting that even the BSP has pointed out that there are exceptions to the "absolute" confidentiality of foreign currency deposits 58.

Carpio's ₱41-million single-day withdrawal and the SALN question

The prosecution's questioning of Buenaventura also surfaced a specific transaction that has become a focal point of the unexplained wealth case: the ₱41 million that Manases Carpio withdrew in six transactions from two banks on Aug. 6, 2024 35. The AMLC records showed two check encashments and four over-the-counter cash withdrawals, with ₱23 million from BDO Unibank and ₱18 million from Philippine National Bank 35.

The prosecution said the amount was not reflected in the couple's joint statement of assets, liabilities and net worth (SALN) for that year 29. The SALN is the annual disclosure that public officials in the Philippines are required to file, listing their assets, liabilities and net worth. Failure to fully and truthfully disclose these items is one of the grounds cited in the impeachment complaint against Duterte.

The defense objected to the presentation of transactions that occurred before Duterte became vice president, arguing that pre-term wealth cannot be the basis for an impeachment conviction 44. The prosecution's position is that wealth generated before her tenure still falls within the scope of the unexplained wealth article if it was not properly disclosed 44. The dispute over the SALN is likely to be a central issue as the trial moves toward its conclusion.

Cale88 Foods and the China remittances

The AMLC testimony also confirmed a figure that former Senator Antonio Trillanes IV had made public in a press conference the previous Friday: ₱319.3 million in remittances from China and Hong Kong to Cale88 Foods Corp., a company previously linked to Carpio 40. Buenaventura told the court that ₱315.93 million came from mainland China and ₱3.39 million from Hong Kong 40.

The confirmation was significant because it appeared to corroborate Trillanes' allegations, which the Duterte camp had denied. The Inquirer's report framed it as "Trillanes vindicated anew" 14. The Daily Tribune noted that the figure matched Trillanes' claim and that the remittances formed part of a summary covering three suspicious transactions involving the corporation 34.

Cale88 Foods Corp. is supposed to be an exporter of banana chips, according to the Daily Tribune 20. Securities and Exchange Commission records presented at the trial showed that Carpio was an incorporator, director and shareholder of Cale88 from 2021 to 2024, with his stake reaching 47.5 percent in 2024 before disappearing from the company's records the following year 20. Trillanes also pointed to ₱150 million donated by the Chinese Embassy to the Tapang at Malasakit Alliance for the Philippines, a nonprofit founded by Duterte where she served as trustee 20.

The Duterte camp and the Chinese Embassy both reacted strongly to the disclosures. Duterte's spokesperson, lawyer Paolo Panelo, said the camp is considering filing criminal charges against Trillanes, saying it has evidence and legal grounds to pursue a case. The Chinese Embassy denied the allegations. The exchange adds a geopolitical dimension to the impeachment trial, coming amid ongoing tensions between the Philippines and China over the West Philippine Sea. The Inquirer's opinion column noted that Duterte had previously challenged Defense Secretary Gilberto Teodoro Jr. to "name names" when he called on officials who refuse to defend the West Philippine Sea against Chinese aggression to resign 54.

The procedural fight over bank secrecy

The defense's attempt to block Buenaventura's testimony was the most contentious procedural moment of the day. Defense counsel Mark Vinluan argued that the AMLC records are protected by the confidentiality provisions of Republic Act No. 1405, the Bank Secrecy Law, particularly Section 2 64. He also cited Section 8-A of the Anti-Money Laundering Act of 2001 64.

Presiding Officer Francis Escudero denied the motion, ruling that the Bank Secrecy Law separately and expressly permits inquiry into bank deposits in impeachment cases 1. He also allowed the presentation of foreign currency accounts over the objection of Senator-Judge Imee Marcos, who cited the Estrada and Corona impeachment precedents 21. Escudero noted that during the Corona impeachment, the court had allowed testimony on foreign currency deposits 21.

The exchange between Vinluan and the senator-judges became heated when Vinluan enumerated the penalties under the Anti-Money Laundering Act, which he said include both administrative and criminal sanctions 4. Private prosecutor Mae Divinagracia interjected, saying the question was "irrelevant" and that Vinluan was "bordering on badgering the witness, albeit the threat is veiled" 4. Senator-Judge Raffy Tulfo then took the floor, and three other senator-judges joined him in rebuking Vinluan 4.

The Philippine Star's editorial board weighed in the following day, arguing that the "spirited effort to stop the testimony" highlights the need to ease bank secrecy laws 58. The editorial noted that even the BSP has pointed out that there are exceptions to the confidentiality of both local accounts and foreign currency deposits, and that the AMLC may look into foreign currency deposits related to money laundering offenses under the Foreign Currency Deposit Act 58.

AMRO cuts growth forecast as energy shock bites

On the same day as the impeachment testimony, AMRO released its updated regional economic outlook, cutting its 2026 Philippine growth forecast to 3.3 percent from 4.1 percent 18. The forecast is below the government's 3.5-percent to 4.5-percent target for 2026 and would represent the weakest growth since 2009, when the economy expanded just 1.4 percent in the aftermath of the global financial crisis, excluding the pandemic-driven contraction in 2020 18.

AMRO also slashed its 2027 forecast to 4.6 percent from 5.5 percent, below the government's 5.0-percent to 6.0-percent goal for 2027 to 2030 3. AMRO Chief Economist Dong He said the Philippines "is one of the economies that was hit harder by the energy shock" 3. He acknowledged the government's response, including the declaration of a national energy emergency, but noted that economic growth had still slowed significantly while inflation accelerated 3.

The forecast cut adds context to the broader economic environment in which the impeachment trial is unfolding. The Daily Tribune's opinion column noted that diesel prices rose ₱18.31 per liter over the three weeks to Sept. 22, and gasoline by ₱15.25, while the benchmark Brent crude is trading at $102 to $103 per barrel, up more than 11 percent from a month earlier 27. The weak peso, which closed at a record ₱62.86 on Sept. 14, makes matters worse 27. For the banking sector, the combination of slower growth and higher inflation could affect loan demand and asset quality. The BSP's Monetary Board, which sets the country's benchmark interest rate, had already opted to address inflation at its Aug. 27 meeting, when it confronted a 2.6-percent growth figure for the first half of 2026 and a 6.2-percent July inflation rate.

ADB technical assistance and the anti-money laundering push

The ADB's confirmation of $500,000 in regional technical assistance for anti-money laundering capacity building came on the same day as the AMLC testimony 19. The Department of Finance said the Securities and Exchange Commission would be among the recipients, along with other ADB developing member countries 19. Finance Secretary Frederick Go said the assistance would strengthen institutions' capacity to prevent illicit finance and comply with international standards 19.

The timing is notable. The Philippines has been under increased scrutiny from international financial watchdogs over the effectiveness of its anti-money laundering regime. The ADB assistance is a regional program, and the DOF has yet to specify how much of the total funding will be allocated to the Philippines or identify specific projects 19. But the confirmation signals that international institutions are watching the country's efforts to combat financial crime. For banks and other covered institutions, the assistance could mean additional guidance on compliance with international standards, which in turn could affect their reporting requirements and internal controls.

The MILF education aid resumption

The government resumed distributing educational financial aid to decommissioned Moro Islamic Liberation Front fighters and their dependents on Oct. 1, according to the GPH-MILF Task Force for Decommissioned Combatants and their Communities 2. Of the 1,028 approved grantees in the first batch, 303 have already received the full ₱50,000 grant, which covers tuition, books, allowances and other academic expenses for one academic year, or two semesters 2. The remaining 725 grantees will receive the ₱50,000 assistance in two equal tranches of ₱25,000.

The program is part of the implementation of the peace agreement between the Government of the Philippines and the MILF, a former separatist group that signed a peace deal in 2014. The decommissioning process involves former fighters turning in their weapons and reintegrating into civilian life, with the government providing various forms of assistance. The TFDCC said the initial transfers were reverted to Mindanao State University-Marawi for reprocessing after the beneficiaries' Landbank accounts exceeded the allowable monthly credit limit of ₱50,000. The grantees will be directly notified once the reprocessing is complete.

For the banking sector, the program illustrates the operational challenges of delivering financial assistance to beneficiaries in remote areas. The Landbank accounts, known as PISO accounts, are designed for small transactions, and the monthly credit limit created a bottleneck that required reprocessing. The resumption of the aid is a reminder that the peace process in Mindanao involves not just security arrangements but also economic reintegration, with financial institutions playing a supporting role.

Conversation trajectory

The impeachment trial's Article II phase will continue through October. The prosecution has indicated it will present more witnesses on the unexplained wealth charge, and the defense will have the opportunity to cross-examine. The next scheduled trial days will determine whether the AMLC testimony is followed by additional financial records or by a shift to other articles of impeachment. Watch for whether the defense files a formal motion to strike the AMLC testimony from the record, which would test Escudero's ruling. Observation window: the next two to three trial days.

The Senate's target for a verdict is the end of November. The Philippine Star's Pilipino column noted that the Senate aims to conclude the trial by the end of November, and that the court has changed its voting rules so that the two-thirds threshold applies to qualified and actually participating senators rather than the full 24-member chamber 60. The change has been challenged before the Supreme Court 60. Watch for whether the Supreme Court issues a ruling on the voting rules before the trial concludes. Observation window: the last week of November.

The September inflation print is due this week. The Philippine Stock Exchange index snapped a five-day slump on Monday, rising 2.03 percent to close at 5,743.21, as investors positioned ahead of the inflation release 66. The inflation figure will inform the BSP's next policy decision and could affect the growth outlook that AMRO has already downgraded. Watch for whether inflation comes in above or below the 6.2-percent July reading. Observation window: the next few days.

GCash's initial public offering is scheduled for Oct. 12. The financial technology company, operated by Mynt, plans to use the listing to expand its lending business and wealth technology services 46. The IPO could be the country's largest, and its performance will be a signal for other fintech firms considering public listings. Watch for the final offer price and the first-day trading performance. Observation window: Oct. 12 and the following week.

The ADB technical assistance program will move into implementation. The DOF has yet to specify how much of the $500,000 will be allocated to the Philippines or identify specific projects 19. Watch for the DOF and the Securities and Exchange Commission to announce the specific activities and timelines. Observation window: the next four to six weeks.

The MILF education aid program will continue disbursing to the remaining 725 grantees. The TFDCC said the remaining grantees will receive the ₱50,000 in two equal tranches of ₱25,000. Watch for whether the Landbank account limits create further delays. Observation window: the next two months.

Response guidance

For banks and financial institutions: Review internal reporting procedures for covered transaction reports and suspicious transaction reports in light of the AMLC testimony. The trial has put a spotlight on the thresholds and the types of transactions that trigger reporting. Ensure that front-line staff understand the difference between the two report types and the circumstances under which each is required. The AMLC's records are now part of a public proceeding, and the agency's handling of confidential information is under scrutiny. Banks should be prepared for potential inquiries from clients about how their data is protected.

For compliance and legal teams: Monitor the defense's arguments about bank secrecy and the scope of the AMLC's authority to disclose records in impeachment cases. The Philippine Star's editorial board has called for easing bank secrecy laws, and the BSP has noted that exceptions already exist 58. If the courts or Congress move to clarify or amend the rules, compliance teams will need to update their procedures. The ADB technical assistance program may also bring new guidance on international standards 19.

For communicators in the financial sector: Avoid speculating on the outcome of the impeachment trial or the guilt or innocence of any party. The AMLC testimony involves specific figures and transactions that are now part of a legal proceeding. If your institution is asked to comment, refer to the AMLC's records and the court's rulings rather than offering interpretations. The trial has generated significant public interest, and inaccurate or premature statements could create legal and reputational risks.

For fintech and digital finance firms: The BSP's push for strict oversight of cryptocurrency transactions and virtual asset service providers is a signal that the regulatory environment is tightening 65. BSP Governor Eli Remolona Jr. said the central bank wants to regulate crypto transactions "very, very strictly" and that transactions should be handled through regulated virtual asset service providers subject to know-your-customer rules 65. Firms operating in this space should review their compliance frameworks and prepare for potential new requirements. The GCash IPO, scheduled for Oct. 12, will also draw attention to the fintech sector's growth prospects and regulatory standing 46.

For policy and government communicators: The AMRO forecast cut and the energy shock are likely to remain in the news cycle 3. The government's response, including the national energy emergency declaration, will be scrutinized. Communicators should be prepared to explain the measures being taken to address inflation and support growth, and to provide context on the external factors — higher oil prices, the weak peso — that are driving the downgrade. The MILF education aid program is a positive story that has received less attention; highlighting its progress could help balance the narrative 2.

For all sectors: The impeachment trial is generating a high volume of news coverage, and the figures involved — ₱4.4 billion, ₱41 million, ₱319 million — are likely to be repeated and analyzed in the coming days. Ensure that any public statements about financial transactions, asset disclosures, or regulatory compliance are accurate and consistent with the records. The trial has also raised questions about the confidentiality of bank data, which could affect how institutions communicate with clients about privacy and data protection.

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